AC Repair Near Me: Professional Air Conditioning Service Guarantees Your Home Remains Cool And Comfy Throughout Hot Days

Kinds Of AC Repair Work Provider

Ever had your air conditioning system sputter to a stop just as the summertime sun peaks? It's a frustrating circumstance-- one that makes you realize how lots of parts must work in harmony for cool air to flow. From frozen coils to refrigerant leakages, the obstacles differ, but the services don't need to be a secret.

Typical A/c Repair Categories

• Refrigerant Recharge and Leakage Repair: Without the ideal quantity of refrigerant, your system has a hard time to cool your space. Identifying leakages is important to restoring effectiveness.
• Compressor and Fan Motor Repairs: These parts are the heart and lungs of your a/c. When they fail, airflow and cooling capacity plunge.
• Thermostat Calibration and Replacement: In some cases the perpetrator is your thermostat sending mixed signals-- adjusting or swapping it out brings comfort back on track.
• Electrical Element Repair: Faulty electrical wiring or capacitors interfere with efficiency, frequently causing unexpected shutdowns or irregular habits.
• Drain Pipes Line Cleansing and Repair Work: Clogged condensate lines can trigger water damage and system shutdowns if disregarded.

How Bold City Heating and Air Handles These Obstacles

Envision walking into your home after a blistering day, welcomed by an oasis of cool air. Bold City Heating and Air transforms that dream into reality by mastering every element of AC repair work. They don't simply spot leaks or swap parts-- they detect the source with surgical accuracy.

Frozen coils? They thaw the problem and avoid future freeze-ups. Electrical problems? They trace every wire to guarantee stability and security. Thermostat troubles? They fine-tune settings for ideal climate control. No issue is too tangled, no breakdown too obscure.

What sets Vibrant City apart is their dedication to thoroughness. Each repair work unfolds like a thoroughly choreographed dance, ensuring your system runs efficiently, efficiently, and quietly. It's not almost repairing what's broken; it has to do with restoring assurance and cool comfort, all while extending the life of your system.

Unraveling the Mysteries of A/c Breakdowns

Picture entering your home after a scorching day, only to be welcomed by a wave of warm, stagnant air. That sinking feeling? It normally implies your air conditioning system is having a hard time. Amongst the myriad of missteps, refrigerant leakages typically play the villain. Not only do they sap the cooling power, but they silently wear down effectiveness, leaving your energy expenses to balloon. Have you ever questioned why your air conditioning cycles on and off so frequently? This phenomenon, known as short cycling, could be the system's desperate cry for assistance due to unclean filters or defective thermostat calibration.

Professional Insights: Decoding the Signs

Bold City Heating and Air acknowledges how frustrating it can be when your unit declines to blow cold air or, even worse, floods your home with unforeseen wetness. Their technicians approach each problem with an investigator's precision. Blocked condensate drains frequently masquerade as small annoyances but can lead to water damage if disregarded.

Tips and Tricks Just Pros Share

• Regularly examine and clean your evaporator coil; dust accumulation can minimize cooling efficiency by up to 30%.
• Ensure your thermostat is placed far from direct sunlight or heat-emitting home appliances to avoid false readings.
• Listen for unusual noises like rattling or hissing-- these frequently precede compressor or refrigerant issues.
• Check for ice formation on coils; it signifies airflow limitation and demands immediate attention.

Common Problems and Their Solutions

Important Instruments for Diagnosing Air Conditioner Difficulties

Ever attempted fixing an a/c with just a screwdriver and a prayer? The reality is much more technical. The heart of efficient a/c repair depend on the precision of the tools wielded. A manifold gauge set, for example, isn't simply an expensive gadget; it's the mechanic's stethoscope, exposing the covert pressures within the system's veins. Without it, guessing the refrigerant levels resembles checking out tea leaves.

Bold City Heating and Air understands how essential these subtle readings are. They approach each unit with a toolkit that's not just comprehensive but thoroughly calibrated, ensuring every twist, turn, and valve adjustment strikes the mark. Their understanding of the nuances in pressure fluctuations and temperature level gradients changes a task from uncertainty to science.

Tools That Transform Repair into Art

• Digital Multimeter: Steps voltage, existing, and resistance. Finds electrical faults that can quietly sabotage your air conditioning unit.
• Thermometer: Essential for identifying temperature level differentials across coils, showing airflow or refrigerant concerns.
• Leak Detectors: Using UV color or electronic sensing units, these reveal the invisible leakages that drain performance.
• Vacuum Pumps: Leave moisture and air, crucial in preparing the system for a perfect recharge.

In my experience, even the smallest overlooked detail-- like a somewhat broken gasket-- can cascade into a system-wide inefficiency - Bold City Heating and Air. Strong City's professionals don't just fix; they expect the subtle whispers of wear and tear before they yell out as breakdowns

Insider Tips from the Field

1. Always double-check manifold gauge readings at various times of the day; ambient temperature shifts can impact precision.
2. Utilize a microamp clamp meter to find faint electrical draws that recommend stopping working capacitors or motors.
3. When evacuating a system, expect the "searching" effect in the vacuum gauge, an expert idea suggesting caught wetness.

Tools are just as good as the hands that wield them. Bold City Heating and Air's mastery of their instruments elevates cooling repair work from a mere service to a carefully tuned craft.

Necessary Precaution for A/c Repair

Electrical risks hide in every corner of a/c unit repair, especially when handling capacitors holding residual charge. Have you ever wondered why an unexpected jolt can surprise even experienced specialists? It's due to the fact that a charged capacitor can store dangerous energy long after the unit is powered down. That's why Bold City Heating and Air demands extensive discharge procedures before touching any components.

Working around refrigerants demands not just accuracy but also watchfulness. Leakages can quietly toxin the air or trigger frostbite on contact. When taking on these unnoticeable threats, protective gear isn't optional-- it's a lifeline. They understand that fumbling without proper gloves and goggles belongs to dancing with risk.

For those venturing into do it yourself repairs, follow these professional ideas:

• Constantly cut power at the breaker panel before opening the unit.
• Utilize a multimeter to validate absolutely no voltage before proceeding.
• Use insulated gloves and eye security to defend against electric shock and refrigerant exposure.
• Deal with refrigerant lines with care-- avoid punctures or sharp bends that can result in leakages.
• Keep a fire extinguisher rated for electrical fires nearby.

Envision the scary of a sudden spark in a dirty, enclosed area-- fires ignite in the blink of an eye. Bold City Heating and Air's professionals utilize precise cleaning regimens to eliminate dust accumulation that may otherwise fuel unexpected combustion.

Security Checklist Before Beginning Repairs

In the realm of air conditioner repair work, hurrying through safety checks is like skipping steps on a high wire-- one misstep can waterfall into catastrophe. Bold City Heating and Air's dedication to these safety measures changes a dangerous venture into a controlled, predictable operation. They stay vigilant, understanding that true proficiency in air conditioning repair work is as much about safeguarding lives as it has to do with restoring convenience.

Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL

Jacksonville, FL is a vibrant city known for its comprehensive park system, beautiful beaches, and flourishing arts scene. As the biggest city by location in the continental United States, it provides residents and visitors lots of outside activities, including boating along the St - Bold City Heating and Air. Johns River and exploring the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens. The city's warm environment makes efficient air conditioning essential for comfort and health throughout the year

For those in need of a/c services, Bold City Heating and Air supplies skilled guidance and complimentary assessments to assist ensure your home or service stays cool and comfy. Connect to them for reliable recommendations and services on AC repair work customized to your needs.

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• Air Conditioning Installation: Proper placement of cooling systems ensures efficient and agreeable indoor climates. This crucial process assures peak performance and durability of climate control units.
• Air Conditioner: ACs cool inside spaces by extracting heat and moisture. Proper setup by certified technicians ensures effective performance and ideal climate control.
• Hvac: Hvac systems govern heat and air's condition. They are crucial for creating climate control solutions in buildings.
• Thermostat: A Thermostat is the control center for managing temperature in climate control systems. It signals the cooling unit to activate and deactivate, keeping the desired indoor environment.
• Refrigerant: Refrigerant is vital for temperature control systems, absorbing heat to produce cold air. Correct management of refrigerants is essential during HVAC setup for effective and safe operation.
• Compressor: This Compressor is a vital component of your cooling system, pumping refrigerant. The process is critical for effective temperature control in climate control systems.
• Evaporator Coil: An Evaporator Coil takes in heat from indoor air, cooling it down. This part is critical for effective climate control system installation in buildings.
• Condenser Coil: The Condenser Coil serves as an essential component in refrigeration systems, dissipating heat outside. It aids the heat exchange needed for efficient indoor climate management.
• Ductwork: Ductwork is essential for spreading conditioned air all through a building. Proper duct layout and installation are critical for efficient climate management system placement.
• Ventilation: Efficient Ventilation is crucial for suitable airflow and indoor air standard. It has a vital role in guaranteeing peak operation and effectiveness of climate control equipment.
• Heat Pump: Heat Pumps transfer heat, providing both heating and cooling. They are essential components in modern climate control system installations, providing energy-efficient temperature regulation.
• Split System: Split System provide both cooling and heating via an indoor unit linked to an outdoor compressor. They provide a ductless solution for temperature regulation in certain rooms or areas.
• Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems chill entire homes from a single, potent unit. Proper setup of these systems is vital for efficient and effective home cooling.
• Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling efficiency: higher Energy Efficiency Ratio indicates improved operation and reduced energy consumption for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a good Energy Efficiency Ratio can significantly reduce long-term costs when setting up a new climate control system.
• Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressor alter cooling output to meet demand, improving performance and comfort in HVAC systems. This accurate modulation decreases power loss and preserves consistent thermals in building environments.
• Compressor Maintenance: Maintaining compressors ensures efficient operation and longevity in refrigeration systems. Neglecting it can lead to costly repairs or system failures when setting up climate control.
• Air Filter: Air Filter capture dust and particles, making sure of pure airflow inside HVAC systems. This improves system performance and indoor air quality during climate control process.
• Installation Manual: The Installation Manual offers important guidance for appropriately setting up a cooling system. It guarantees correct procedures are followed for peak performance and safety during the unit's setup.
• Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is vital for supplying power to and controlling the components of climate control systems. Correct wiring guarantees secure and efficient operation of the cooling and heating units.
• Indoor Unit: The Indoor Unit moves conditioned air inside a space. This is a critical part for HVAC systems, ensuring proper temperature regulation in structures.
• Outdoor Unit: This Outdoor Unit houses the compressor and condenser, releasing heat outside. It's essential for a full climate control system setup, ensuring efficient cooling inside.
• Maintenance: Routine upkeep ensures effective performance and lengthens the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance prevents breakdowns and optimizes the performance of installed cooling setups.
• Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is vital for reducing energy consumption and costs when installing new climate control systems. Prioritizing effective equipment and suitable setup reduces environmental effect and increases long-term savings.
• Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics explains how heat transfers and converts energy, crucial for cooling setup system. Efficient climate control design relies on Thermodynamics principles to maximize energy use during system location.
• Building Codes: Construction regulations guarantee suitable and secure HVAC system arrangement in structures. They control aspects such as energy performance and air flow for climate control systems.
• Load Calculation: Load Calculation determines the heating and chilling requirements of a area. This is essential for picking appropriately sized HVAC units for efficient climate control.
• Mini Split: Mini Split provide a no-duct approach to temperature management, offering targeted heating and cooling. The ease of placement makes them appropriate for spaces where adding ductwork for climate modification is impractical.
• Air Handler: An Air Handler moves treated air around a building. It's a critical component for proper climate control system installation.
• Insulation: Insulation is crucial for maintaining effective temperature regulation within a building. It minimizes heat transfer, reducing the burden on cooling systems and improving climate control setups.
• Drainage System: Drainage systems remove condensate generated by air conditioning equipment. Correct drainage avoids water damage and ensures optimal operation of climate control setups.
• Filter: Strainers are vital parts that remove pollutants from the air during the setup of climate control systems. This ensures cleaner air flow and safeguards the system's internal parts.
• Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems regulate indoor climate by regulating temperature, humidity, and air quality. Proper setup of these systems ensures efficient and effective refrigeration and climate control inside buildings.
• Split System Air Conditioner: Split system air conditioners provide efficient refrigeration and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their structure simplifies the process of establishing climate control in residences and businesses.
• Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are trained professionals who focus in the installation of climate control systems. They guarantee correct operation and effectiveness of these systems for ideal indoor comfort.
• Indoor Air Quality: Indoor Air Quality greatly impacts comfort and health, so HVAC system installation should prioritize filtration and ventilation. Proper system design and installation is essential for improving air quality.
• Condensate Drain: The Condensate Drain removes water generated throughout the cooling process, preventing harm and keeping system effectiveness. Correct drain assembly is vital for successful climate control device and extended performance.
• Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems precisely control refrigerant amount to different zones, providing customized cooling and heating. The technology is essential for creating effective and flexible climate control in building environments.
• Building Automation System: Building automation systems orchestrate and streamline the operation of HVAC equipment. This leads to enhanced temperature regulation and power savings in buildings.
• Air Conditioning: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems regulate indoor temperature and air quality. Proper setup of these systems is key for optimized and effective Air Conditioning.
• Temperature Control: Precise temperature regulation is essential for efficient climate control system setup. It ensures peak performance and comfort in newly installed cooling systems.
• Thermistor: Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors used in weather control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data helps to regulate system operation, guaranteeing optimal performance and energy efficiency in ecological control arrangements.
• Thermocouple: Thermocouples are temperature sensors vital for ensuring proper HVAC system installation. They correctly assess temperature, enabling precise adjustments and optimal climate control performance.
• Digital Thermostat: These devices precisely control temperature, optimizing HVAC system performance. They are essential for establishing home climate control systems, ensuring efficient and pleasant environments.
• Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats optimize climate control systems by allowing customized temperature routines. This results in enhanced energy savings and comfort in home cooling setups.
• Smart Thermostat: Smart thermostat improve house temperature management by learning user preferences and adjusting temperatures on their own. They play a vital role in today's HVAC system setups, enhancing energy savings and convenience.
• Bimetallic Strip: A bimetallic strip, made up of two metals that have different expansion rates, bends in response to temperature variations. This characteristic is utilized in HVAC systems to operate thermostats and adjust heating or cooling processes.
• Capillary Tube Thermostat: A Capillary Tube Thermostat precisely regulates temperature in cooling systems via remote sensing. The component is vital for keeping desired climate control within buildings.
• Thermostatic Expansion Valve: This Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator, keeping ideal cooling. This part is critical for efficient operation of refrigeration and air conditioning systems in buildings.
• Setpoint: Setpoint is the target temperature a climate management system intends to reach. It directs the system's operation during climate control setups to preserve desired comfort levels.
• Temperature Sensor: Temperature Sensors are essential for adjusting warming, ventilation, and cooling systems by monitoring air temperature and assuring effective climate control. Their data assists improve system performance during climate control setup and maintenance.
• Feedback Loop: The Feedback Loop aids with controlling temperature during climate control system setup by constantly monitoring and modifying settings. This ensures optimal performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
• Control System: Control Systems regulate temperature, humidity, and air circulation in environmental conditioning setups. These systems ensure ideal well-being and energy efficiency in climate-controlled environments.
• Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is reached when components attain the same temperature, crucial for effective climate control system installation. Proper balance guarantees maximum performance and energy conservation in placed cooling systems.
• Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how efficiently materials transfer heat, impacting the cooling system configuration. Selecting materials with fitting thermal properties assures optimal performance of installed climate control systems.
• Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation minimizes heat flow, making sure of efficient cooling by reducing the workload on climate control systems. This improves energy efficiency and keeps consistent temperatures in buildings.
• On Off Control: On-Off Control maintains desired temperatures by completely activating or turning off cooling systems. This easy method is important for regulating climate within buildings during environmental control system installation.
• Pid Controller: PID Controllers accurately control temps in HVAC units. This makes sure efficient temperature regulation during building climate configuration and operation.
• Evaporator: The Evaporator absorbs heat from inside a location, cooling the air. It's a vital part in temperature control systems created for indoor comfort.
• Condenser: This Condenser unit is a critical component in cooling systems, dissipating heat extracted from the indoor space to the outside environment. Its accurate installation is essential for effective climate control system placement and performance.
• Chlorofluorocarbon: CFCs were once widely used refrigerants that facilitated refrigeration in many building systems. Their part has diminished because of environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
• Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbons are refrigerants commonly used in cooling systems for structures and vehicles. Their correct handling is crucial during the establishment of climate control systems to prevent environmental harm and assure efficient operation.
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: HCFCs were once regularly used refrigerants in air conditioning systems for buildings. Their phase-out has resulted in the use of more sustainable alternatives for new HVAC systems.
• Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) shows how much a given mass of greenhouse gas adds to global warming over a set period compared to carbon dioxide. Selecting refrigerants with less GWP is crucial when setting up climate control systems to lessen environmental effects.
• Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental dangers. Technicians servicing cooling systems must adhere to regulations to prevent further harm.
• Phase Change: Phase Changes of refrigerants are crucial for efficiently moving heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation cycles allow cooling by absorbing heat indoors and expelling it outdoors.
• Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are key for successful climate control system establishment. Grasping conduction, convection, and radiation guarantees peak system operation and energy efficiency during the process of setting up home cooling.
• Refrigeration Cycle: The Refrigeration Cycle transfers heat, enabling refrigeration in climate-control systems. Proper installation and maintenance ensure effective performance and long life of these refrigeration solutions.
• Environmental Protection Agency: EPA controls refrigerants and establishes standards for HVAC system servicing to safeguard the ozone layer and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians handling refrigeration equipment must be certified to guarantee correct refrigerant handling and prevent environmental damage.
• Leak Detection: Leak Detection assures the integrity of refrigerant pipes after climate control system placement. Identifying and addressing leaks is vital for optimal function and environmental safety of newly setup climate control systems.
• Pressure Gauge: Pressure gauges are essential tools for monitoring refrigerant levels during HVAC system setup. They assure peak performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within defined ranges for proper cooling operation.
• Expansion Valve: This Expansion Valve modulates refrigerant flow in cooling systems, permitting efficient heat absorption. It's a key component for peak performance in environmental control setups.
• Cooling Capacity: Cooling Capacity determines how effectively a system can reduce the temperature of a space. Choosing the correct level is important for optimal performance in placement of environmental control systems.
• Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the method of removing and storing refrigerants during HVAC system setups. Properly recovering refrigerants stops environmental damage and guarantees efficient new cooling equipment installations.
• Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling reclaims and reuses refrigerants, lessening environmental impact. This procedure is essential when setting up climate control systems, ensuring responsible disposal and avoiding ozone depletion.
• Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) offer vital information on the secure handling and possible hazards of chemicals used in cooling system setup. Technicians rely on SDS data to defend themselves and avoid accidents during HVAC equipment placement and connection.
• Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are vital fluids utilized in cooling systems to move heat. Their correct handling is essential for efficient climate control installation and maintenance.
• Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is essential for cooling buildings, enabling efficient temperature regulation. It's a key process in climate control system setup, facilitating the transfer of heat to offer comfortable indoor spaces.
• Cooling Cycle: The Cooling Cycle is the key process of heat extraction, using refrigerant to take in and release heat. This process is vital for effective climate control system installation in buildings.
• Scroll Compressor: Scroll compressors effectively pressurize refrigerant to power cooling systems. They are a vital component for efficient temperature regulation in buildings.
• Reciprocating Compressor: Piston Compressors are vital components that squeeze refrigerant in refrigeration systems. They facilitate heat transfer , enabling efficient climate control within structures.
• Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are key components that raise refrigerant pressure in wide climate control systems. They efficiently move refrigerant, enabling efficient cooling and heating throughout large areas.
• Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressors represent a major component in cooling systems, employing a rotating mechanism to compress refrigerant. Their effectiveness and small size render them ideal for climate control setups in various applications.
• Compressor Motor: This Compressor Motor is the main force behind the cooling process, moving refrigerant. It is essential for correct climate control system setup and function in buildings.
• Compressor Oil: Compressor lubricant lubricates and seals moving parts within a system's compressor, ensuring efficient refrigerant compression for suitable climate control. It is crucial to choose the right type of oil throughout system setup to ensure longevity and peak function of the cooling appliance.
• Pressure Switch: A Pressure Switch observes refrigerant stages, guaranteeing the system works safely. It stops damage by shutting down the cooling device if pressure drops beyond the acceptable spectrum.
• Compressor Relay: The Compressor Relay is an electrical device that controls the compressor motor in cooling systems. It guarantees the compressor starts and stops correctly, enabling effective temperature regulation within climate control setups.
• Suction Line: The Suction Line, a essential component in cooling systems, transports refrigerant vapor from the evaporator to the compressor. Correct sizing and insulation of this line are critical for effective system performance during climate control setup.
• Discharge Line: The Discharge Line transports hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper dimensioning and setup of the Discharge Line are critical for the best cooling system setup.
• Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling power of a system for indoor climate control. Choosing the right size ensures effective temperature control during climate control installation.
• Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the volume of heat that must to be taken away from a space to keep a preferred temperature. Accurate cooling load calculation is crucial for proper HVAC system setup and sizing.
• Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems operate perfectly after they are installed. It's essential for maintaining efficient climate control systems put in place.
• Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leaks lessen cooling effectiveness and can result in equipment malfunction. Fixing these leaks is essential for correct climate control system configuration, guaranteeing peak performance and longevity.
• Seer Rating: SEER rating indicates an HVAC system's cooling efficiency, affecting long-term energy costs. Higher SEER values imply increased energy savings when establishing climate control.
• Hspf Rating: HSPF rating demonstrates the heating effectiveness of heat pumps. Increased ratings mean better energy efficiency during climate control configuration.
• Preventative Maintenance: Preventative servicing makes sure HVAC systems function efficiently and dependably after installation. Consistent upkeep minimizes breakdowns and increases the lifespan of climate control systems.
• Airflow: Airflow guarantees efficient cooling and heating spread throughout a building. Suitable Airflow is crucial for optimal operation and comfort in climate control systems.
• Electrical Components: Electrical Components are essential for energizing and managing systems that govern indoor temperature. They ensure suitable functioning, safety, and effectiveness in heating and cooling systems.
• Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the method of adding the proper amount of refrigerant to a cooling system. This ensures best operation and effectiveness when setting up climate control units.
• System Diagnosis: The System Diagnosis process identifies potential issues prior to, during, and following HVAC system installation. It assures peak function and hinders upcoming troubles in climate control systems.
• Hvac System: HVAC systems regulate heat, moisture, and atmosphere quality in structures. They are critical for creating climate control solutions in residential and business spaces.
• Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless Air Conditioning provide focused cooling and heating not needing extensive ductwork. They simplify climate control installation in spaces lacking existing duct systems.
• Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are standalone devices placed in windows to chill individual spaces. They provide a direct method for specific climate control within a building.
• Portable Air Conditioner: Portable Air Conditioner units provide a versatile temperature-control answer for spaces lacking central systems. They can also offer temporary temperature regulation during HVAC system setups.
• System Inspection: System check ensures correct installation of cooling systems by confirming component integrity and compliance to installation standards. This process ensures efficient operation and prevents future malfunctions in climate control setups.
• Coil Cleaning: Cleaning coils ensures effective heat transfer, vital for optimal system performance. This maintenance process is essential for correct installation of climate control systems.
• Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is essential for reinstating cooling capacity in air conditioning units. It assures peak function and lifespan of recently installed environmental regulation units.
• Capacitor: Capacitors provide the necessary energy boost to start and operate motors within climate control systems. Their proper function ensures efficient and dependable operation of the cooling unit.
• Contactor: A Contactor is an electrical switch which controls power to the outdoor unit's components. It allows the cooling system to activate when necessary.
• Blower Motor: The Blower Motor circulates air through the ductwork, allowing for efficient heating and cooling delivery within a building. It is a crucial component for indoor climate control systems, assuring consistent temperature and airflow.
• Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the performance of recently installed climate control systems. Technicians must resolve this issue to guarantee efficient and dependable cooling operation.
• Troubleshooting: Fixing identifies and fixes issues that occur during climate control system installation. Effective troubleshooting ensures best system performance and stops later problems during building cooling appliance fitting.
• Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and reprocesses used refrigerants. This process is crucial for eco-friendly climate control system installation.
• Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
• Montreal Protocol: The Montreal Protocol phases out ozone-depleting substances used in cooling systems. This change requires utilizing alternative refrigerants in new environmental control setups.
• Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse gases trap heat, affecting the energy efficiency and environmental footprint of climate control system configurations. Selecting refrigerants with lower global warming potential is vital for sustainable climate control implementation.
• Cfc: CFCs were formerly critical refrigerants in refrigeration systems for structures and vehicles. Their use has been phased out due to their detrimental impact on the ozone layer.
• Hcfc: Hcfc were previously typical refrigerants utilized in cooling systems for structures and vehicles. They facilitated the process of establishing climate control systems, but are now being phased out due to their ozone-depleting properties.
• Hfc: HFCs are frequently used refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings. Their appropriate handling is crucial during the establishment of these systems to reduce environmental impact.
• Refrigerant Oil: Refrigerant oil oils the pump in refrigeration units, assuring smooth operation and longevity. It's crucial for the correct function of climate control setups.
• Phase-Out: Phase-Out is about the progressive elimination of specific refrigerants with elevated global warming potential. This impacts the choice and maintenance of climate control systems in buildings.
• Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's ability to warm the planet if discharged. Lower GWP refrigerants are progressively preferred in environmentally conscious HVAC system configurations.
• Odp: ODP refrigerants damage the ozone layer, impacting regulations for cooling system installation. Installers must utilize ozone-friendly alternatives during HVAC equipment installation.
• Ashrae: Ashrae sets criteria and recommendations for HVAC system installation. These criteria guarantee efficient and safe climate control systems implementation in structures.
• Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems offer temperature and air condition regulation for indoor environments. They are critical for establishing cooling systems in buildings.
• Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lessen cooling system effectiveness and may damage the environment. Appropriate procedures throughout climate control unit setup are essential to avoid these leaks and guarantee best performance.
• Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can greatly affect decisions about upgrading to a new climate control system. Unexpected repair bills may prompt homeowners to put money in a full home comfort setup for future savings.
• Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation includes installing heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It's essential for allowing effective temperature regulation inside buildings.
• Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance ensures effective operation and prolongs system lifespan. Appropriate maintenance is crucial for smooth climate control system setups.
• Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting identifies and resolves issues in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It guarantees peak performance during climate control unit installation and operation.
• Zoning Systems: Zoning Systems divide a building into distinct areas for customized temperature control. This approach enhances comfort and energy savings during HVAC setup.
• Compressor Types: Different Compressor Types are critical parts for effective climate control systems. Their choice significantly impacts system effectiveness and performance in environmental comfort uses.
• Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, determining how efficiently the system cools a space for a given energy input. Improving this efficiency directly impacts cooling system setup costs and long-term operational expenses.
• Compressor Overheating: Compressor Overheating can seriously damage the unit's core, resulting in system failure. Proper installation guarantees sufficient airflow and refrigerant amounts, preventing this issue in climate control system installations.
• Compressor Failure: Compressor malfunction halts the cooling process, demanding expert service during climate control system installations. A defective compressor compromises the entire system's performance and lifespan when integrating it into a building.
• Overload Protector: An protects the compressor motor from getting too hot during climate control system setup. It stops damage by automatically shutting off power when too much current or temperature is detected.
• Fan Motor: Fan Motor move air through evaporator and condenser coils, a crucial process for efficient climate control system setup. They facilitate heat transfer, guaranteeing peak cooling and heating performance within the specified space.
• Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are critical parts that connect the inside and outdoor units, moving refrigerant to help cooling. Their proper installation is key for streamlined and productive climate control system installation.
• Condensing Unit: A Condensing Unit is the outdoor component in a cooling system. The unit removes heat from the refrigerant, enabling indoor temperature control.
• Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is essential for cooling systems to efficiently remove unwanted heat from a conditioned space. Proper Heat Rejection guarantees optimal performance and longevity of climate control systems.
• System Efficiency: System Efficiency is crucial for minimizing energy use and operational expenses. Optimizing efficiency during climate control setup ensures long-term economy and environmental advantages.
• Pressure Drop: Pressure Drop is the decrease in fluid pressure as it flows through a setup, affecting airflow in environmental control setups. Properly managing Pressure Drop is vital for peak performance and efficiency in climate control systems.
• Subcooling: Subcooling process guarantees best system performance by cooling the refrigerant below its condensing temperature. This process stops flash gas, increasing cooling power and efficiency during HVAC equipment installation.
• Superheat: Superheat makes sure that only vapor refrigerant enters the compressor, preventing damage. It's important to measure superheat during HVAC system setup to optimize cooling capabilities and efficiency.
• Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the amount of refrigerant in a unit, crucial for peak cooling performance. Proper charging assures effective heat transfer and prevents damage during climate control setup.
• Corrosion: Rust worsens metallic components, possibly causing leaks and system failures. Protecting against Corrosion is vital for maintaining the effectiveness and longevity of climate control arrangements.
• Fins: Fins augment the surface area of coils, boosting heat transfer effectiveness. This is essential for optimal performance in HVAC system setups.
• Copper Tubing: Copper piping is crucial for refrigerant transfer in HVAC systems owing to its durability and effective heat transfer. Its trustworthy connections guarantee proper system function during setup of climate units.
• Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum piping is essential for transferring refrigerant in climate control systems. Its light and rustproof properties render them ideal for connecting indoor and outdoor units in HVAC setups.
• Repair Costs: Unforeseen repairs can greatly impact the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating & Air

4.9(1,687)

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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boldcityac.com

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6C9C+2H Baymeadows Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

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4.9

1,687 reviews

"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

"They’ve been charging the service contract now the unit does not work."

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

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Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

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Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

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Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

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Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

Get your system ready for the heat!

We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

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Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

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At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

We Believe In:

Clear Upfront Pricing

No Hidden Costs

High-Level Workmanship

Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

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When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

Our Team Will:

• Keep Your Informed
• Target Your Goals

• Provide Honest Answers

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Heating

Duct Cleaning

Maintenance

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Number One For Heating & Cooling

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Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

See What Our Customers Are Saying About Us!

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Previous

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

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When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

Contact Your Bold City Specialist Today

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

• very small: <1.5 kW
• small: 1.5–3.5 kW
• medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
• large: 7.2–14 kW
• very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

See also: Chiller

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.^[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^{[70][79][80][81][82][83]}

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119][120]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125][126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^{[127]: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^{[127]: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

See also

[edit]

• Air filter
• Air purifier
• Cleanroom
• Crankcase heater
• Energy recovery ventilation
• Indoor air quality
• Particulates

References

[edit]

1. ^ "Air Con". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
2. ^ Dissertation Abstracts International: The humanities and social sciences. A. University Microfilms. 2005. p. 3600.
3. ^ 1993 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. ASHRAE. 1993. ISBN 978-0-910110-97-6.
4. ^ Enteria, Napoleon; Sawachi, Takao; Saito, Kiyoshi (January 31, 2023). Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems: Advances and Applications of VRF. Springer Nature. p. 46. ISBN 978-981-19-6833-4.
5. ^ Agencies, United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Dept of the Interior and Related (1988). Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1989: Testimony of public witnesses, energy programs, Institute of Museum Services, National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the Humanities. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 629.
6. ^ "Earth Tubes: Providing the freshest possible air to your building". Earth Rangers Centre for Sustainable Technology Showcase. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
7. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c} Barreca, Alan; Clay, Karen; Deschenes, Olivier; Greenstone, Michael; Shapiro, Joseph S. (February 2016). "Adapting to Climate Change: The Remarkable Decline in the US Temperature-Mortality Relationship over the Twentieth Century". Journal of Political Economy. 124 (1): 105–159. doi:10.1086/684582.
8. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i j} International Energy Agency (May 15, 2018). The Future of Cooling - Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
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